Category: Investing 101

Feb 09 2010

Investing Term Tuesday – Tax Selling.

This week’s investing term is all about investment decisions motivated by tax implications. It’s called tax selling and as the name suggests, it’s when an investor sells an asset at a loss, in order to pay less taxes when he sells an asset at a profit. The way this works is that the U.S. tax code allows individuals to use an investment loss to offset capital gains taxes on profit making asset sales.

The process is also commonly called “harvesting capital losses”, because it often involves the purposeful selling of a losing investment for the explicit reason to gain a tax advantage.

Tax selling is perfectly legal, but there are a few restrictions:

  • Any assets sold for a loss must have been owned by the investor for at least 30 days prior to being sold.
  • The investor cannot purchase assets of a same type within 30 days of the assets being sold.

So, you can’t buy shares in a small cap fund, sell them 29 days later at a loss to harvest the capital gain tax offset, and then buy shares in the small cap fund 15 days after you sold them. Violation of either of these restrictions is called a wash sale, and that is illegal. This 30 day limitation is often referred to as the 30-day wash sale rule.

Tax selling usually occurs in December, but keep an eye on the market as some are speculating there will be an increase in tax selling as the Bush tax cuts expire at the end of this year, and tax rates rise again.


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  • Mutual Fund Share Class Comparison Gets Easier. Investors who own shares of mutual funds are probably familiar with the 3 most common classes of shares: A, B, and C. But recent market conditions have led over 400 mutual funds to eliminate class B shares form their offerings. The reason for the elimination is cost. It simply costs......
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Feb 02 2010

Investing Term Tuesday – January Effect.

In honor of just closing the books on January, I thought it might be nice to examine the January Effect.

The January Effect is an investing term that refers to a general increase in the stock market during the month of January. This effect is typically attributed to an increase in buying caused by the addition of employees yearly bonuses being contributed to their 401(k) plans, and also due to investors getting back into the market after having sold in the previous December for tax purposes.

It is said that the January Effect affects small caps more than mid or large cap stocks, though this has been less pronounced in recent years as investors learn about and anticipate the January Effect.

It is also considered less important as there is less cause to sell laggard stocks for tax purposes, but that may change as taxes increase on investments and investment income.

Let’s hope it’s not a hard fast rule when we look at the S&P’s performance for this past January:

S&P 500 Jan 2010

… and there IS hope: Check out this MarketWatch article on why January’s loss doesn’t automatically doom the rest of the year.


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Feb 01 2010

Mutual Fund Monday – Tips For Mutual Fund Investment.

With thousands of mutual funds to choose from, picking the “right one” can be a daunting task. Most investors know not to fall for a short term hot streak – one or two years isn’t a long enough track record to show superior skill of the management team over sheer luck – but where should you start?

Step 1.  Figure out what you really need.

To be a successful investor, be it in mutual funds, hedge funds or whatever, you need to determine what your objectives really are and what asset allocation you’ll need to meet those objectives. And sorry to tell you this, but “to get rich” is not an objective. ;-)

Objective.

For your objective to be meaningful and achievable, it needs to be specific. If you can determine exact numbers, then you’re off to a great start. But even if the numbers are not exact or may even be unknowable, you can still use that as an objective.

For example, if your objective is to have $25,000 in 5 – 7 years for a new car, then you have a defined timeframe, and target amount. From that you can then figure out how much you can invest over that time  frame and see how much return on your money you’ll need to get there. (There are calculators for this kind of thing).

Even if your objective is a bit less knowable, say saving for retirement, you can use ballpark figures for determine the “best guess” for what you’ll need 15, 20, even 30 years out from today. The key is knowing that this is just a guess, based on current trends. In the case of retirement planning you reevaluate your goals and assumptions on a regular basis, every 5 -10 years for example.

The Takeaway. The point to take away from all of this is that your objective (amount and time frame) will be a key component in determining your risk level and asset allocation. You can (and should) invest more heavily in stocks for retirement which is decades away than for the objective that’s 5-7 years away.

Asset Allocation.

Put simply, an asset allocation is which types of investments you choose to put your money in, and in what proportions.

Different types, or classes of investments carry with them different levels of risk and average return. Bonds, for instance, are typically less risky than stocks, though that is a generalization since there are subclasses of stocks and bonds that can be very similar in terms of risk and reward.

Key points of concern are correlation (how much one investment be behaves like another), volatility, and risk.

The Takeaway. Some studies have shown that asset allocation alone is responsible for up to 90% of your total return, so be sure to study up on this stage and know what you’re doing.

Step 2. Picking mutual funds.

Since this article is about mutual funds, I will focus on that aspect of an asset allocation. But remember – if your investment goals are short term, then mutual funds may not be right for you.

Searching for a mutual fund.

If you have an idea of what type of fund you’re looking for, say a small cap stock fund, and you’d like to see what mutual funds fit that category, you can use Kiplinger’s Fund Finder. This tool allows you to select broad categories (like small cap stock funds) and narrow the results by a host of criteria, including:

  • 1,3 or 5 year return.
  • Morningstar rating.
  • Return in a down market (i.e. worst loss).
  • Expense ratio.
  • Turnover ratio.
  • Length of time the current management team has been in place.

And much more. It’s very handy for gathering a list of mutual funds to choose from, but you still need to do some comparison work, but more on that in a minute.

Gathering information on a specific fund.

Once you have a list of funds, or maybe you’re looking for details about a specific fund in your 401(k), you can use FINRA’s Fund Analyzer to get the specifics about a fund.

These results include average return of a given investment amount over a specified period of time, and the total expenses. It also provides a breakdown of the allocation within the fund, investment style of the fund (i.e. growth, vs value, etc..) the Morningstar rating and much more.

Some thoughts on past performance not guaranteeing future results…

By now I’m sure you’ve heard that familiar phrase of investment marketing: “Past performance is not a guarantee of future return”, or something similar. It’s usually uttered as a means of protecting themselves from costly liability in court situations, but it is also a significant thing to bear in mind when picking a fund.

The thing to remember is that just because a fund had a rip-roaring 3 years does not mean it’s going to continue to rip and roar its way up the charts for the next 3 years. Maybe it was a small cap stock fund and the economy has just come out of a recession. If that’s the case, then you can expect those returns to level off a bit as the economic cycle matures and investors seek blue chip companies over small cap.

But long term performance can be a good indicator of a fund’s quality. Look for good for funds with good performance over a 5-10 year period.

Some thoughts on volatility…

Volatility is simple a measure of how much the fund’s price jumps around; it’s a measure of how much of a roller coaster ride the fund is. The lower the volatility, the smoother the ride, but not necessarily the higher return. The thing to keep in mind with volatility is that it doesn’t matter how bumpy the ride is if you don’t need the money for another 20 years. In other words, volatility is less important for long term investments.

Some thoughts on Managers…

Things you’ll want to know about the fund’s manager include:

  • Does the manager admit mistakes?
  • Does the manager respect the investors?
  • Does the manager sound too greedy?
  • Does the manager know what he’s talking about?
  • Is the manager personally invested in the fund? (that’s a good thing)
  • Does the manager stick to his stated strategy?

One last thought about fees…

Not all funds are created equal, and one of the biggest defining characteristics of a fund may be its fees. All other things being equally, higher fee funds will perform worse than lower fee funds. But things are rarely equally and the thing you need to find out is whether the higher fee fund significantly outperforms its peers over an extended period. In other words, is it worth the extra money? If it’s just doing the same as an index fund, it’s not worth the money.

source


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Jan 26 2010

The 6 Biggest Investing Mistakes Warren Buffett Avoids – and You Should Too!

According to Burton G. Malkiel, a Princeton economics professor, and Charles D. Ellis, author of ‘Winning the Loser’s Game,’ Danger-keep awaythe only difference between them and Warren Buffet is that Warren Buffet hasn’t made these mistakes.

Of course, it’s more than that but since you and I (or Malkiel and Ellis for that matter) don’t have any chance of acquiring Buffet’s DNA, we’ll focus on this list – in the spirit of accepting what cannot be change, and having the courage to change the things that can be changed. ;-)

6 investing mistakes to avoid:

  • Overconfidence
  • Following the Herd
  • Timing the Market
  • Assuming More Control Than You Have
  • Paying Too Much in Fees
  • Trusting Stockbrokers

By way of proof of Buffet’s unique investment acumen and, more importantly, his ability to focus and remain true to his core investment philosophy, Malkiel and Ellis cite two prime cases when Buffet was tested by the markets and prevailing “common knowledge”.

Case number One was when Buffett avoided the dot com bust of 2000, simply because tech stocks fit neither his investment style, or his philosophy. But he held firm to his approach, even when it was called outdated by the rest of the investment world. As a result, his portfolio avoided much of the carnage that befell those more “enlightened” investors.

Case number two was when Buffett avoided mortgage-backed securities and derivatives in 2005-2006, because he found them too complex and “opaque”. As a result, he avoided the worst of the damage caused by the economic collapse that ensued.

In regards to the list above, you can see how Buffett’s sense of humility, and discipline have kept him from making many of the mistakes out lined in more detail in Malkiel and Ellis’ original article.

Burton G. Malkiel, Princeton economics professor and author of ‘A Random Walk Down Wall Street,’ and Charles D. Ellis, author of ‘Winning the Loser’s Game,’ have teamed up to write ‘The Elements of Investing.’


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Jan 25 2010

Mutual Fund Monday – How to Compare Funds.

The Mutual Fund Monday post this week is a highlight of a recent post from Kyle over at Amateur Asset Allocator .

Millions of Americans own mutual funds in their 401(k) plans, and many others own them in their IRA’s or even in a taxable, non-retirement account. But many people don’t have any idea of how to really compare the funds that are available to them. Here’s a hint – it goes beyond simply finding the highest return for a given time period (Ex: 1, 3,5 or ten years).

Kyle’s post is a great explanation of how to compare mutual funds, and their associated indexes. He explains how to compare apples to apples, and not apple to oranges (all mutual funds are not created equal!). He also explains the basics of knowing which index to compare a fund’s performance to, and why. And lastly, he explains how to compare two mutual funds – and more important, how not to.

So what are you waiting for? Head on over and give him a read. ;-)


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Jan 19 2010

Investing Term Tuesday – January Barometer.

The January Barometer is based on the theory that the performance of the S&P 500 during the month of January is indicative of how the market will perform for the year. For example, if the S&P 500 is up for January, the January Barometer states that the stock market as a whole should end the year up as well.january barometer

In practice, the January Barometer produces a slightly better than 50% success rate. However, if an investor simply uses the January Barometer when determining whether to invest, he is doing little more than timing the market.

Even worse, he’s timing the market with a very insensitive timing mechanism, since the theory bases the prediction of market performance for an entire year on the performance of a single month.

Also, any gain that may be had by blindly following the January Barometer theory can be quickly erased by a false prediction of a bull market for the year ahead.


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Jan 13 2010

6 Tips For the Beginning Investor.

Here’s a list of some investing insight I’ve learned over the years that I hope will help accelerate the beginning investor’s road to wealth.

1. Don’t go all in at once.

If you have a lump sum of money to invest and you are doing so when the market is going down, don’t just use it all at once to buy shares. Instead, split that lump sum into 3rds and buy at periodic intervals as the market goes down. The idea is that you simply cannot time the market effectively, so don’t bother.

Instead, you’re dollar cost averaging on the way down and spreading your money out like scatter shot instead of a single bullet. By doing so, you will improve the chances of hitting near the lows with at least some of your purchases.

2. Don’t be paralyzed by taxes.

Often times, individual investors hold on to a winning stock because they don’t want to pay the taxes on it, only to have waited too long and find they rode the stock back down to loser territory.

It’s an understandable course of action, after all when an activity is taxed, people do that activity less than when it is not taxed. But you have to get past that and realize that even at a 42% tax rate, you still have a 58% profit.

But let’s be clear – I’m not saying you could ignore taxes, only that you shouldn’t allow their implication to paralyze you into inaction.

Taxes should be an important part of your investment planning. For example, you want to be aware of the kinds of assets you hold so you don’t keep tax free, municipal bonds in a tax deferred account.

3. Broken stocks are OK, broken companies are not.

A stock’s price is a function of the quality and value of the underlying company, over the long term. This means that if you are looking to hold onto a stock for the long term, say 5-7 years, you should avoid stocks of broken companies and instead look for stocks of good quality companies that have suffered a temporary decline in stock price. Eventually the market will recognize the superior quality of the company and reward the stock price. Conversely, stocks of broken companies become broken stocks over time. An example of this might be Johnson & Johnson in the fall of 2008. The stock price suffered because the market as a whole crashed, not because the company was in poor shape. GM stock on the other hand suffered because the company was bankrupt and has no upside potential.

4. No one ever got rich panicking.

The key to success is simple to understand, difficult to practice – have a plan. You will never be a successful investor if you “just wing it”, “play by ear” or perform in a host of similar colloquial cliches.

Instead, you need to have a plan for when to buy and when to sell each and every stock you hold. Once you have your plan, use Stop Order and Limit Order to take the emotion out of your buying and selling.

5. Diversification is essential.

There have been a lot of pundits pointing out that diversification didn’t help in the 2008-2009 crash, but that while that is true, it’s not as important as it may at first seem .

Firstly, the 2008-2009 crash is not the norm and you’re far more likely to encounter situations where diversification would protect you than you are to experience another such crash.

Secondly, the only things safe in the 2008-2009 crash were cash and (maybe) commodities. If you want to prepare for a 2008-2009 style crash you should diversify some of your holdings into these asset types. But if you held most of your portfolio in them most of the time, you would lose in the long term.

6. Buy and hold is not “set it and forget it”.

Buy and hold investing is great for retirement savings, but even then you need to pay attention. Too many people mistake “Buy and Hold” for some similar sounding marketing gimmick from Ron Popiel.

“Set it and forget it” in the investing world is simply neglect, and it will catch up with you sooner or later.

Instead, you should periodically create a list of your holdings and rank them , that way you will have a course of action and always know where your holdings stand regarding buy, sell or hold.


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Investing Term Tuesday: Commodity Index.

A commodity index is an index that tracks a collection of commodities in order to measure their performance.

Commodity indexes are often traded on exchanges, such as the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). By being traded on an open exchange, investors gain access to commodities without having to deal in the futures market.

The value of a commodity index changes daily and is based on the value of the underlying commodities.

There are many commodity indexes on the market, all varying by the types and weightings of commodities being tracked. The Reuters/Jefferies CRB Index, for example, is comprised of 19 different kinds of commodities which range from wheat to aluminum.

As with stock and bond indexes, some commodity indexes weight all their holding equally , while others have a fixed weighting approach.


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Investing Term Tuesday: Riskless Society.

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Investing Term Tuesday – Gift Of Equity.

Since this is the gift-giving season, I thought it appropriate to share the Gift Of Equity in this investing term Tuesday.

The Gift Of Equity refers to the sale of a home to a family member at a price below the current market value. Sometimes it can be a sale to someone the with whom seller has had a relationship previously.

The actual gift of equity stems from the difference between the sale price and the market value – that’s the equity, and it’s being given to the buyer.

It’s perfectly legal and most lenders simply count the equity as part of a down payment on the home. It does require documentation however, in the form of a gift of equity letter that must be signed by both the seller and the buyer.

There may also be tax consequences and it could affect the asset’s cost basis for the home buyer and carry capital gains implication for the seller so be sure to research those aspects if you are considering giving the gift of equity this holiday season. ;-)


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